Fusel oil (FO) is one of the by-products of the sugar-alcohol industry, which has application as an additional source of higher alcohols for the production of esters with flavoring, fuels and lubricants properties, as well as additives in petroleum-based fuels and in pesticide formulations. Thus, this review is focused on the characteristics of FO and its applications as an acyl acceptor in transesterification and esterification reactions for esters production, its addition to fossil fuels, and the herbicidal and fungicidal potential of the compounds presented in its chemical composition. The operating conditions of the process, results obtained, and patented applications in the food, cosmetic, transportation and agricultural sectors are also reported and discussed. Furthermore, main trends, challenges and recommendations are proposed in order to overcome the disadvantages of applying FO in the reported sectors, as well as alternatives for the development of new lines of research are suggested. (FO byproducts by products sugaralcohol sugar alcohol industry flavoring properties petroleumbased petroleum based formulations Thus composition process obtained food cosmetic discussed Furthermore trends suggested

Abstract Essential oils (EOs) or vegetable oils have become the focus of several studies because of their interesting bioactive properties. Their application has been successfully explored in active packaging, edible coatings, and as natural flavoring to extend the shelf life of various types of food products. In addition, alternative methods of extraction of EOs (ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction) have been shown to be more attractive than traditional methods since they present better efficiency, shorter extraction times and do not use toxic solvents. This review paper provides a concise and critical view of extraction methods of EOs and their application in food products. The researchers involved in the studies approached in this review were motivated mainly by concern about food quality. Here, we recognize and discuss the major advances and technologies recently used to enable shelf life extension of food products.

In order to provide an effective and environmentally correct alternative for oil extraction, subcritical n-propane was used under different temperature and pressure conditions to obtain Brazil nut oil. The composition of the oil was determined and compared to the oils obtained by conventional methods. The result of the extraction yield obtained using subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) at 60 ºC, 6 MPa and granulometry < 1.40 mm (63.13%) presented minor differences to the yield obtained by Soxhlet extraction (SE) (68.44%) and Bligh and Dyer extraction (BD) (59.54%). The composition in fatty acids was similar regardless of the method of extraction used. Oxidized triacylglycerols (TAGs) were found in the oils extracted by SE and BD while they were not detected in the oils extracted by SFE. The quantity of bioactive compounds was higher in the oils obtained by SFE. Thus, the SFE using n-propane preserves the nutritional characteristics and lipophilic components of the oil, besides improving the availability of bioactive compounds from an effective “green extraction” without the use of toxic solvents.

Abstract In this work, vapor - liquid (VLE) equilibrium for the binary system carbon dioxide (1) + coumarin (2) at high pressures was measured by a static synthetic method using a variable-volume view cell. Experimental data were obtained in the temperature range of 318 - 338 K and pressures up to 20 MPa. Coumarin molar fraction ranged from 3.0x10-3 to 6.0x10-3. Coumarin melting point reduction at high pressures was observed. The experimental results were modeled using the Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state with van der Waals quadratic mixing rules (vdW - QMRs), providing a good representation of the experimental phase equilibrium data. Critical properties and the acentric factor were estimated using the Constantinou and Gani method, which showed to be satisfactory on the quality of data correlation. Results indicate coumarin solubility increases with increasing phase transition pressure at a given temperature.

Abstract Encapsulation of bioactive compounds has been carried out to improve bioavailability and to protect them against harm conditions. However, encapsulation processes are often aggressive and it is important that encapsulated substances keep their biological activity. In this work curcumin was nanoencapsulated using dichloromethane as solvent and ultrasound as dispersion device. Nanoparticles were obtained using different curcumin concentrations and encapsulants (PLLA and Eudragit S100) and the encapsulation efficiency was inferred using spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques as well as optical microscopy. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity tests were applied to the curcumin before and after encapsulation and also to blank polymer nanoparticles. Results demonstrated that the encapsulation process had no deleterious influence on its antioxidant activity.

This study evaluated the Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oil composition in terms of fatty acids (FA), sterols, acylglycerols and oxidative stability obtained via subcritical n-propane fluid extraction (SubFE-propane), in different temperatures and pressure conditions, as compared to Bligh & Dyer (BD), Soxhlet (SE) and Folch (FLS) extractions. Total lipid varied from 23.25 to 30.21% and the best yield was obtained by both SubFE-propane extraction at 45 ºC and 12 MPa (A). α-Linolenic acid (18:3n-3) was the most abundant FA and SubFE-propane extraction provided the best results for the sum of n-3 and PUFA. All oil samples were similar in regard to triacylglycerols (TAG) profiles as measured via direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis. The total amounts of stigmasterol, β-tocopherol and tocopherol total were highest in the Chia oil obtained by BD, campesterol and sitosterol by SE and γ-tocopherol by SubFE-propane extraction. The SubFE-propane oil also presented the best (2 to 5 times) oxidation stability. SubFE-propane was the most efficient extraction method for Chia oil, providing the highest extraction yields, purity, oxidation stability and diverse profile of sterols.

The aim of this work was to study the application of a stochastic algorithm to correlate the experimental data of island-type systems in ternary systems. Thermodynamic NRTL and UNIQUAC models were used to evaluate the activity coefficients. Results regarding the application of the stochastic algorithm were in good agreement with those presented in the current literature. However, generalization of the method proposed in the present work remained an intriguing and complex task so as to reach broad conclusions.

Zeolite-encapsulated complexes have been widely applied in hydrocarbon oxidation catalysis. The "ship-in-a-bottle" encapsulation of iron(III) complexes containing piperazine and piperazine-derivative ligands in zeolite-Y is described. The flexible ligand methodology was employed and the efficiency and reproducibility of the procedure was investigated. The catalysts were characterized employing several techniques and the results indicate the presence of coordinated and uncoordinated iron(III) ions inside and outside the zeolitic cage.

Foi empregado o método da máxima verossimilhança generalizado para determinação de parâmetros de interação binária entre os componentes do óleo essencial de laranja e dióxido de carbono. Foram usados dados experimentais de equilíbrio líquido-vapor de misturas binárias de dióxido de carbono e componentes do óleo essencial de laranja. O equilíbrio líquido-vapor foi modelado com as equações de Peng-Robinson e de Soave-Redlich-Kwong usando a metodologia proposta em 1979 por Asselineau, Bogdanic e Vidal. A escolha destes sistemas teve como objetivo demonstrar que o método da máxima verosimilhança produz parâmetros de interação binária, para equações cúbicas de estado capazes de descrever satisfatoriamente até mesmo o equilíbrio para o binário etanol/CO2. Os resultados comprovam que tanto a equação de Peng-Robinson quanto a de Soave-Redlich-Kwong podem ser empregadas para descrever o equilíbrio de fases para o sistemas: componentes do óleo essencial de laranja/CO2.

The generalized maximum likelihood method was used to determine binary interaction parameters between carbon dioxide and components of orange essential oil. Vapor-liquid equilibrium was modeled with Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong equations, using a methodology proposed in 1979 by Asselineau, Bogdanic and Vidal. Experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data on binary mixtures formed with carbon dioxide and compounds usually found in orange essential oil were used to test the model. These systems were chosen to demonstrate that the maximum likelihood method produces binary interaction parameters for cubic equations of state capable of satisfactorily describing phase equilibrium, even for a binary such as ethanol/CO2. Results corroborate that the Peng-Robinson, as well as the Soave-Redlich-Kwong, equation can be used to describe phase equilibrium for the following systems: components of essential oil of orange/CO2.

A desterpenação do óleo essencial de laranja é uma preocupação da indústria cítrica. Esta consiste em concentrar os componentes oxigenados do óleo, que são os maiores responsáveis pelo sabor e aroma deste, reduzindo a fração terpênica que se degrada facilmente promovendo a formação de compostos com sabores e aroma indesejáveis. Esta fração oleosa rica em compostos oxigenados pode ser empregada em bebidas e outros alimentos como aromatizante mais agradável. Um dos métodos em estudo para a concentração dos compostos oxigenados do óleo essencial de laranja é a adsorção na sílica gel, seguida da dessorção fracionada com dióxido de carbono pressurizado. Este processo permite a obtenção de frações oleosas mais concentradas em compostos oxigenados que outros métodos convencionais. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o modelo de difusão em sólido aplicado em leito fixo, empregando a solução analítica proposta por Rosen em 1952, para o estudo do modelamento do processo de dessorção do óleo essencial de laranja com dióxido de carbono supercrítico.

The desterpenation of the orange essential oil is a concern of the citric industry. The process consists of concentrating the oxygenated components of the oil which are the substances responsible for the oil flavor and aroma, by reducing the terpenic fraction that easily degrades promoting the formation of compounds with undesirable flavors and aroma. This fraction rich in oxygenated substances can be used as an additive in the food industry. One of the methods for concentration of oxygenated compounds is the adsorption of the oil in silica gel, followed by desorption with pressurized carbon dioxide. This process allows to obtain a product more concentrated on oxygenated compounds than conventional methods. In this work the diffusion model in solid applied to a fixed-bed was used, with the analytic solution proposed by Rosen in 1952, to model the process of desorption of orange essential oil from a silica gel bed with supercritical carbon dioxide.

Este trabalho descreve uma metodologia para o cálculo da solubilidade de óleos essenciais em dióxido de carbono a altas pressões baseada na formulação proposta em 1979 por Asselineau, Bogdanic e Vidal. Foram utilizadas as equações cúbicas de estado de Peng-Robinson e Soave-Redlich-Kwong com regras de mistura de van der Waals com dois parâmetros de interação. O cálculo da solubilidade do óleo essencial de laranja em dióxido de carbono pressurizado foi usado para validação do método. A solubilidade calculada a 308,15 K para pressões entre 50 e 70 bar variou entre 1,5 e 4,1 mg/g. Valores experimentais para as mesmas condições variam entre 1,7<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 a 3,6<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 mg/g. Os valores preditos não são muito sensíveis à composição inicial do óleo essencial.

This work describes a method to predict the solubility of essential oils in supercritical carbon dioxide. The method is based on the formulation proposed in 1979 by Asselineau, Bogdanic and Vidal. The Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong cubic equations of state were used with the van der Waals mixing rules with two interaction parameters. Method validation was accomplished calculating orange essential oil solubility in pressurized carbon dioxide. The solubility of orange essential oil in carbon dioxide calculated at 308.15 K for pressures of 50 to 70 bar varied from 1.7<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 to 3.6<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 mg/g. For same the range of conditions, experimental solubility varied from 1.7<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 to 3.6<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 mg/g. Predicted values were not very sensitive to initial oil composition.